{"id":32007,"date":"2015-09-17T15:02:32","date_gmt":"2015-09-17T13:02:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bmhavocats.com\/2015\/09\/17\/arbitration-the-enforcement-of-international-arbitral-awards-strategic-considerations-when-the-new-york-convention-does-not-apply\/"},"modified":"2026-06-30T12:39:05","modified_gmt":"2026-06-30T10:39:05","slug":"arbitration-the-enforcement-of-international-arbitral-awards-strategic-considerations-when-the-new-york-convention-does-not-apply","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bmhavocats.com\/en\/2015\/09\/17\/arbitration-the-enforcement-of-international-arbitral-awards-strategic-considerations-when-the-new-york-convention-does-not-apply\/","title":{"rendered":"[ARBITRATION] The Enforcement of International Arbitral Awards: Strategic Considerations When the New York Convention Does Not Apply"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]\u201cI\u2019m finally getting my money!\u201d This is the first thought that crosses someone\u2019s mind when he or she receives a favorable arbitral award. Although in more than 90% of cases, international arbitral awards are said to be voluntarily complied with bythe<\/sup> losingparty<\/sup>,\u00b9<\/sup> in the remaining 10%, the prevailing party must enforce theaward.\u00b2<\/sup> Often, the non-prevailing party\u2019s assets are located in its home jurisdiction, which was not the seat of the arbitration. In most such cases, the United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (hereinafter \u201cthe New York Convention\u201d)applies3<\/sup>. However, in some instances, the New York Convention does not apply. This is where matters become complicated.
\nA series of strategies has emerged in practice, allowing the prevailing party to recover its funds through other means. The prevailing party should therefore assess its case before selecting the appropriate tool to address its specific situation. The various tools available to the prevailing party are briefly outlined below. <\/p>\n

1. Settlement<\/strong><\/p>\n

Enforcement proceedings can be lengthy and costly for both parties. Therefore, settlement may always be an option. The creditor would offer to abandon the enforcement proceedings in exchange for payment of a portion of the award by the debtor. Although it could be painful to forgo part of the amount awarded by the arbitral tribunal, it might be the sensible choice when enforcement proceedings result in even higher costs. <\/p>\n

2. Sale of the award to a third party<\/strong><\/p>\n

When the prevailing party believes that enforcing the arbitral award will be a lengthy, complicated, and very costly process, it may attempt to sell the award\u2014again, of course, at a discounted price. Indeed, initiating enforcement proceedings may in some cases be excessive when a party has already exhausted all of its financial resources in order to proceed with the arbitration.
\nSeveral companies, typically investment funds, specialize in this business. Other companies specialize in acting as intermediaries between prevailing parties and investors. Occasionally, such award sales come to light. For instance, in 2003, a Seychelles-based company purchased an award from a Czech company that had been rendered under the auspices of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Ukraine, againstUkraine.\u2074<\/sup> <\/p>\n

3. Investment Treaty Arbitration<\/strong><\/p>\n

When not only are the enforcement proceedings lengthy and complicated, but the jurisdiction where the losing party\u2019s assets are located also wrongfully interferes with the enforcement of the award, the prevailing party has another option: to file an investment treaty claim directly against the State whose courts wrongfully refuse to enforce the arbitral award.
\nIn fact, even if the jurisdiction in which enforcement of the award is sought is not a signatory to the New York Convention, that State will in most cases have adopted arbitration laws providing for the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. Thus, when a bilateral or multilateral investment treaty has been concluded between the State where enforcement is sought and the home State of the prevailing party, the latter may use this mechanism to obtain compensation.
\nUnder most treaties, the substantive protections provided include, among other things, a prohibition against direct or indirect expropriation without prompt and effective compensation and a guarantee of fair and equitable treatment, including protection against denial of justice by the courts of the hostState<\/sup>.\u2075<\/sup>
\nIn order to bring a claim against the State where enforcement is sought, the prevailing party must demonstrate that it has made an \u201cinvestment\u201d under the relevant treaty. An arbitral award may typically qualify as an \u201cinvestment.\u201d Indeed, many treaties define the term \u201cinvestment\u201d very broadly, including \u201cevery asset\u201d and \u201cclaims to money, to other assets, or to any performance having economicvalue.\u201d\u2076<\/sup> However, in the cases decided to date, tribunals have not considered arbitral awards to be investments in and of themselves, but rather to be the \u201ccrystallization\u201d of the parties\u2019 rights and obligations under the originalcontract<\/sup>. Hence, the prevailing party\u2019s access to investment treaty arbitration will depend on whether the underlying contract, from which the award arose, constitutes an \u201cinvestment\u201d within the meaning of the relevant investment treaty.
\nAs regards the grounds that the prevailing party may invoke, the latter may argue that it has been indirectly expropriated since the wrongful failure to enforce the arbitral award resulted in the reduction or elimination of the award\u2019s value.
\nThe prevailing party may also rely on the fair and equitable treatment (hereinafter \u201cFET\u201d) standard. In fact, the assessment of whether the FET standard has been breached focuses on the concept of legitimate expectations specific to eachcase8<\/sup>. In the view of many tribunals, the stability and predictability of the legal framework within which the investment is made form part of what the investor may legitimatelyexpect9<\/sup>. <\/p>\n

4. Human Rights Courts<\/strong><\/p>\n

Another tool under public international law is available to the prevailing party to enforce the arbitral award: recourse to human rights courts established under human rights treaties, such as the European Court of Human Rights, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, and the African Court on Human and Peoples\u2019 Rights.
\nThe prevailing party may bring claims before a human rights court on the following grounds: (i) interference with property or expropriation, and\/or (ii) the right to a fair trial.
\nAny claim before these courts must be brought under their respective foundingtreaties.\u00b9\u2070<\/sup> Typically, human rights treaties require the exhaustion of domestic remedies as a prerequisite for bringing a case before their respective courts. Therefore, the path is neither short nor easy. <\/p>\n

5. Diplomatic Protection<\/strong><\/p>\n

The last tool is diplomatic protection.<\/p>\n

Diplomatic protection is a general principle of international law, according to which individuals and legal entities lack the capacity to bring claims directly against States.
\nConsequently, their State of nationality must seek redress on theirbehalf11<\/sup>. Thus, an internationally wrongful act committed against a State\u2019s national is, in reality, an injury to the State itself.
\nThe means to be employed by the State could include direct negotiations, formal dispute settlement through arbitration or before the ICJ, retorsion\u2014including certain forms of economic pressure\u2014or the severance of diplomaticrelations.\u00b9\u00b2<\/sup> The State could also resort to the threat of using countermeasures, such as the temporary non-performance of international obligations owed to the responsible State.
\nAlthough this tool exists not only in theory, there are no reported instances of a State exercising formal diplomatic protection on behalf of a frustrated award creditor.
\nIn conclusion, it should be remembered that each case is unique and that often more than one tool will be available to the party seeking enforcement of an arbitral award. Consequently, it is necessary to analyze the facts of each case individually in order to assess the most effective strategy. <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Detlev K\u00fchner<\/a>, Amany Chamieh<\/p>\n

\n

1<\/sup> L. Mitselis & C. Baltag<\/em>, Special Section on the 2008 Survey on Corporate Attitudes toward the Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards and Settlements in International Arbitration: Corporate Attitudes and Practices, 19 The American Review of International Arbitration 319, 339 (2008).
\n2<\/sup> If there is any trend at all, it would be that parties are less willing to voluntarily comply with awards. It may therefore be assumed that the percentage of awards that are not voluntarily complied with may now exceed 10%.
\n3<\/sup> As of today, the New York Convention has been signed and ratified by 156 states http:\/\/www.uncitral.org\/uncitral\/en\/uncitral_texts\/arbitration\/NYConvention_status.html<\/a> Some signatory states to the New York Convention, such as India, are nevertheless known for not always taking an arbitration-friendly approach.
\n4<\/sup> Regent Co. v. Ukraine <\/em>, European Court of Human Rights, Application No. 773\/03, 2008.
\n5<\/sup> D. Brian King & Rahim Moloo<\/em>, \u201cEnforcement after Arbitration: Strategic Considerations and Forum Choice,\u201d prepared for the conference on \u201cForum Shopping in the Context of International Commercial Arbitration,\u201d NYU\u2019s Center for Transnational Litigation and Commercial Law, 2013, p. 19.
\n6<\/sup> See above, D. Brian King & Rahim Moloo<\/em>, p. 20.
\n7<\/sup> Saipem v. Bangladesh <\/em>, ICSID Case No. ARB\/05\/07, June 30, 2009, para. 127:\u201cThe rights embodied by the <\/em> ICC Awards are not created by the Award itself but arise from the Contracts. The ICC Award crystallized the <\/em>“the parties\u2019 rights and obligations under the original contract.”<\/em>
\n8<\/sup> A. Newcombe & L. Paradell<\/em>, *Law and Practice of Investment Treaties: Standards of Treatment*, Kluwer Law Int\u2019l, 2009, paras. 165-169.
\n9<\/sup> Occidental Exploration and Production Co. v. The Republic of Ecuador <\/em>, LCIA Case No. UN 3467, Final Award, July 1, 2004, para. 191.; National Grid P.L.C. v. the Argentine Republic <\/em>, UNCITRAL, November 3, 2008, para. 173.
\n10<\/sup> See above, D. Brian King & Rahim Moloo<\/em>, p. 32.
\n11<\/sup> Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection, Article 1, Report of the ILC on its 58th Session, UN Doc. <\/em>A\/61\/10, 2006: \u201cDiplomatic protection consists of the invocation by a State, through diplomatic action or other <\/em>means of peaceful settlement, of the responsibility of another State for an injury caused by an internationally <\/em>wrongful act of that State against a natural or legal person who is a national of the former State, with a view to the <\/em>fulfillment of such responsibility.\u201d<\/em>
\n12<\/sup> Reed & Martinez<\/em>, \u201cTreaty Obligations to Honor Arbitral Awards and Diplomatic Protection,\u201d in D. Bishop, *Enforcement of Arbitral Awards Against Sovereigns*, 2009, para. 23.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row title=”Voir notre dernier \u00e9v\u00e9nement” style=”outline-custom” gradient_color_1=”turquoise” gradient_color_2=”vista-blue” gradient_custom_color_1=”#dd3333″ gradient_custom_color_2=”#eeee22″ gradient_text_color=”#ffffff” custom_background=”#ededed” custom_text=”#666666″ outline_custom_color=”#092b63″ outline_custom_hover_background=”#ffc97b” outline_custom_hover_text=”#092b63″ shape=”square” color=”grey” size=”lg” align=”center” button_block=”” add_icon=”” i_align=”left” i_type=”fontawesome” i_icon_the7=”” i_icon_fontawesome=”fa fa-adjust” i_icon_openiconic=”vc-oi vc-oi-dial” i_icon_typicons=”typcn typcn-adjust-brightness” i_icon_entypo=”entypo-icon entypo-icon-note” i_icon_linecons=”vc_li vc_li-heart” i_icon_monosocial=”vc-mono vc-mono-fivehundredpx” i_icon_material=”vc-material vc-material-cake” i_icon_pixelicons=”vc_pixel_icon vc_pixel_icon-alert” custom_onclick=”” smooth_scroll=”” link=”|||” custom_onclick_code=””][vc_column][vc_btn title=”DOWNLOAD THE ARTICLE” style=”outline-custom” outline_custom_color=”#092b63″ outline_custom_hover_background=”#E7E6E6″ outline_custom_hover_text=”#092b63″ shape=”square” size=”lg” align=”left” css=”” link=”url:https%3A%2F%2Fbmhavocats.com%2Fv-an-the-enforcement-of-international-arbitral-awards-par-detlev-kuhner%2F|”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]\u201cI\u2019m finally getting my money!\u201d This is the first thought that crosses someone\u2019s mind when he or she receives a favorable arbitral award. Although in more than 90% of cases, international arbitral awards are said to be voluntarily complied with bythe losingparty,\u00b9 in the remaining 10%, the prevailing party must enforce theaward.\u00b2 Often, the non-prevailing […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":31728,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[969,964],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32007","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-article","category-less-is-more"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n[ARBITRATION] The Enforcement of International Arbitral Awards: Strategic Considerations When the New York Convention Does Not Apply<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In some cases, the New York Convention does not apply. 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